conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences( If Clause)

is a sentence supposition that fact could happen could not .

Here I will briefly describe more about conditional sentences.

Rumus:

for type one:

1. If + Present Tense + Present Future Tense

2. If + Past Tense + Past Future Tense

3. If + Past Perfect + Past Future Perfect

i want to give one example for our reader. I hope we can understand about my explanation

ex:

• type 1

If I am study I will pass the exam.

• type 2

If I were studied I would pas the exam.

• type 3

If I had studied I would have passed the exam.

Clauses

Clauses

A clause is a part of a sentence. There are two main types: independent (main clauses), dependent (subordinate clauses).

INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

An independent clause is a complete sentence; it contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought in both context and meaning.

For example: The door opened.

Independent clauses can be joined by a coordinating conjunction to form complex or compound sentences.

CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
and	but	for
or	nor	so
yet

For example: Take two independent clauses and join them together with the conjunction and: " The door opened." "The man walked in." = The door opened and the man walked in.

DEPENDENT CLAUSES

A dependent (subordinate) clause is part of a sentence; it contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. They can make sense on their own, but, they are dependent on the rest of the sentence for context and meaning. They are usually joined to an independent clause to form a complex sentence.

Dependent clauses often begin with a a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun (see below) that makes the clause unable to stand alone.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
after	although	as	because
before	even if	even though	if
in order that	once	provided that	rather than
since	so that	than	that
though	unless	until	when
whenever	where	whereas	wherever
whether	while	why

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
that	which	whichever
who	whoever	whom
whose	whosever	whomever

For example:

The door opened because the man pushed it.

Dependent clauses can be nominal, adverbial or adjectival..

A nominal clause (noun clause) functions like a noun or noun phrase. It is a group of words containing a subject and a finite verb of its own and contains one of the following: that | if | whether

For example:

• I wondered whether the homework was necessary.

Noun clauses answer questions like "who(m)?" or "what?"

An adverbial clause (adverb clause) is a word or expression in the sentence that functions as an adverb; that is, it tells you something about how the action in the verb was done. An adverbial clause is separated from the other clauses by any of the following subordinating conjunctions: after | although | as | because | before | if | since | that | though | till | unless | until | when | where | while

For example:

• They will visit you before they go to the airport.

Adverbial clauses can also be placed before the main clause without changing the meaning.

For example:

• Before they go to the airport, they will visit you.

!Note - When an adverb clause introduces the sentence (as this one does), it is set off with a comma.

Adverb clauses answer questions like "when?", "where?", "why?"

An adjectival clause (adjective clause or relative clause) does the work of an adjective and describes a noun, it's usually introduced by a relative pronoun: who | whom | whose | that | which

For example:

• I went to the show that was very popular.

This kind of clause is used to provide extra information about the noun it follows. This can be to define something (a defining clause), or provide unnecessary, but interesting, added information (a non-defining clause).

For example:

• The car that is parked in front of the gates will be towed away. (Defining relative clause.)

Information contained in the defining relative clause is absolutely essential in order for us to be able to identify the car in question.

• My dog, who is grey and white, chased the postman. ( Non-defining relative clause)

A non-defining relative clause is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. If you take away the non-defining clause the basic meaning of the sentence remains intact.

For example:

• My dog chased the postman.

Adjective clauses answer questions like "which?" or "what kind of?"

SUMMARY

An adjective clause functions as an adjective (modifies a noun or pronoun); an adverb clause functions as an adverb (describes a verb, adjective or other adverb); a noun clause is used as a noun (subject of a verb, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative or object of the preposition).

!Note - The difference between a clause and a phrase is that a phrase does not contain a finite verb.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

A relative clause follows the noun it modifies. It is generally indicated by a relative pronoun at the start of the clause, although sometimes you can tell simply by word order. The choice of relative pronoun, or choice to omit one, can be affected by the following:-

We make a distinction between an antecedent that is a human — who(m) — and an antecedent which is a non-human — which.

Who(m) is used when the antecedent is a person.

That is used to refer to either a person or thing. 

Which is used to refer to anything exept a person.

• I met a man and a woman yesterday. The woman, who had long blonde hair, was very pretty.
• The man she was with, was the man that / who won the race.
• The race was the one that I lost.
• The man, to whom the winnings were given, was with the woman who was very pretty.

phrases

Phrases

Noun Phrase

      A noun phrase consists of a noun and other related words (usually modifiers and determiners) which modify the noun. It functions like a noun in a sentence.

A noun phrase consists of a noun as the head word and other words (usually modifiers and determiners) which come after or before the noun. The whole phrase works as a noun in a sentence.
Noun Phrase = noun + modifiers        (the modifiers can be after or before noun)

Examples.
            He is wearing a nice red shirt.                      (as noun/object)
            She brought a glass full of water.                (as noun/object)
            The boy with brown hair is laughing.           (as noun/subject)
            A man on the roof was shouting.                  (as noun/subject)

A sentence can also contain more noun phrases.
For example. The girl with blue eyes bought a beautiful chair.

 

Prepositional phrase.

      A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, object of preposition(noun or pronoun) and may also consist of other modifiers.
e.g. on a table, near a wall, in the room, at the door, under a tree

A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition and mostly ends with a noun or pronoun. Whatever prepositional phrase ends with is called object of preposition. A prepositional phrase functions as an adjective or adverb in a sentence.

Examples.
              A boy on the roof is singing a song.              (As adjective)
              The man in the room is our teacher.             (As adjective)
              She is shouting in a loud voice.                    (As adverb)
               He always behaves in a good manner.        (As adverb)

 

Adjective Phrase.

   An adjective phrase is a group of words that functions like an adjective in a sentence. It consists of adjectives, modifier and any word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
An adjective phrase functions like an adjective to modify (or tell about) a noun or a pronoun in a sentence.

Examples.
              He is wearing a nice red shirt.                     (modifies shirt)
              The girl with brown hair is singing a song.  (modifies girl)
              He gave me a glass full of water.                (modifies glass)
              A boy from America won the race.               (modifies boy)

Prepositional phrases and participle phrases also function as adjectives so we can also call them adjective phrases when they function as adjective. In the above sentence “The girlwith brown hair is singing a song”, the phrase “with brown hair” is a prepositional phrase but it functions as an adjective.

 

Adverb Phrase

An adverb phrase is a group of words that functions as an adverb in a sentence. It consists of adverbs or other words (preposition, noun, verb, modifiers) that make a group with works like an adverb in a sentence.
An adverb phrase functions like an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

Examples
            He always behaves in a good manner.         (modifies verb behave)
            They were shouting in a loud voice.             (modifies verb shout)
            She always drives with care.                        (modifies verb drive)
            He sat in a corner of the room.                    (modifies verb sit)
            He returned in a short while.                        (modifies verb return)

A prepositional phrase can also act as an adverb phrase. For example in above sentence “He always behaves in a good manner”, the phrase “in a good manner” is a prepositional phrase but it acts as adverb phrase here.

 

Verb Phrase

     A verb phrase is a combination of main verb and its auxiliaries (helping verbs) in a sentence.

Examples.
             He is eating an apple.
             She has finished her work.
             You should study for the exam.
             She has been sleeping for two hours.

According to generative grammar, a verb phrase can consist of main verb, its auxiliaries, its complements and other modifiers. Hence it can refer to the whole predicate of a sentence.
Example. You should study for the exam.

 

Infinitive Phrase

An infinitive phrase consist of an infinitive(to + simple form of verb) and modifiers or other words associated to the infinitive. An infinitive phrase always functions as anadjective, adverb or a noun in a sentence.

Examples.
            He likes to read books.                             (As noun/object)
            To earn money is a desire of everyone.    (As noun/subject)
            He shouted to inform people about fire.  (As adverb, modifies verb shout)
            He made a plan to buy a car.                    (As adjective, modifies noun plan)

 

Gerund Phrase

A gerund phrase consists of a gerund(verb + ing) and modifiers or other words associated with the gerund. A gerund phrase acts as a noun in a sentence.

Examples
              I like writing good essays.                                 (As noun/object)
              She started thinking about the problem.           (As noun/object)
              Sleeping late in night is not a good habit.         (As noun/subject)
              Weeping of a baby woke him up.                       (As noun/subject)

 

Participle Phrase

            A participle phrase consists of a present participle (verb + ing), a past participle (verb ending in -ed or other form in case of irregular verbs) and modifiers or other associate words. A participle phrase is separated by commas. It always acts as an adjective in a sentence.

Examples
             The kids, making a noise, need food.                      (modifies kids)
             I received a letter, mentioning about my exam.     (modifies letter)
             The table, made of steel, is too expensive.             (modifies table)
             We saw a car, damaged in an accident.                   (modifies car)

 

Absolute Phrase

Absolute  phrase (also called nominative phrase) is a group of words including a noun or pronoun and a participle as well as any associated modifiers. Absolute phrase modifies (give information about) the entire sentence. It resembles a clause but it lack a true finite verb. It is separated by a comma or pairs of commas from the rest sentence.

Examples
             He looks sad, his face expressing worry.
             She was waiting for her friend, her eyes on the clock.
             John is painting a wall, his shirt dirty with paint.

English Tenses

Now we will study about english tenses.

but our example for our homework from Miss Jien.
 The title is"Personality Plus".

		Tenses
		Event
TIME	SIMPLE	CONTINUOUS	PERFECT	PERFECT CONTINIOUS
Present	Simple Present Yaitu kejadian yang terjadi saat ini dan bisa juga tejadi pada masa yang akan datang. Rumus: S + Verb 1 S +to be+Adverb S+Do/Does+Verb1 Contoh: 1.Sanguine is people who talk more, energic, sometimes childish, optimistic, have more humors, have memory of colour adn innovative. 2. He can do speech for long time, although we don’t want listen to speech he always finish him speech so long.	Present Continious Yaitu kejadian yang terjadi sekarang dan akan terjadi lagi sampai masa yang akan datang. Rumus: S+to be+Verb+ing	Present Perfect Yaitu kejadian yang baru berakhir di masa sekarang. Rumus: S+Has/Have+Verb3	Present Perfect Continious Yaitu kejadian yang terjadi di masa lalu dan masih terjadi sampai sekarang. Rumus: S+Has/Have+been+Verb+ing
Past	Simple Past Yaitu kejadian yang terjadi di masa yang lalu. Rumus: S+Verb 2 S+Was/Were+a\Adverb S+Did+Verb 1	Past Continious Yaitu kejadian yang terjadi yang terjadi di masa lalu, namun dapat terjadi juga pada masa tertentu. Rumus: S + Was/Were + Verb +ing	Past Perfect Yaitu kejadian yang  telah selesai terjadi di masa yang lalu dan berkaitan dengan kejadian masa lalu yang lain. Rumus: S + Had + Verb 3	Past Perfect Continious Yaitu kejadian yang menunjukan kejadian di masa lampu yang masih berlangsung berkaitan dengan kejadian di masa lampau lain Rumus: S + Had +Been + Verb + ing
Future	Simple Future Yaitu kejadian yang menunjukan kejadian yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan  datang. Rumus: S + will/shall + verb 1	Future Continious Yaitu kejadian yang menunjukan peristiwa yang berlangsung di tengah dan berlangsung di masa depan. Rumus: S+Will/Shall+ be +Verb+ing S+Will/Shall+ not +Verb +ing	Future Perfect Yaitu kejadian yang menunjukan peristiwa yang rampung di masa yang akan datang dan sudah dimulai dari masa yang lalu. Rumus: S+Will/Shall+Have + Verb 3	Future Perfect Continious Yaitu kejadian yang menunjukan peristiwa yang berawal dari masa yang lalu dan masih akan berlangsung hingga masa datang. Rumus: S +Will/shall + Have + Been +Verb + ing
Past Future	Simple Past Future Yaitu kejadian yang menunjukan perandaian di peristiwa masa yang lalu. Rumus: S + Would / Should + Verb 1	Past Future Continious Yaitu kejadian mengenai perandaian suatu peristiwa yang masih berlangsung di masa yang lalu. Rumus: S+Would /Should + Verb + ing	Past Future Perfect Yaitu kejadian perandaian peristiwa yang berlangsung dari masa yang lalu dan rampung di masa yang lalu berikutnya. Rumus: S + Should /Would + Have + Verb 3	Past Future Perfect Continious Yaitu kejadian perandaian peristiwa dari masa yang lalu yang masih akan berlangsung hingga ke masa lalu selanjutnya. Rumus: S+Would/Should + Have+Been + Verb + ing

Question Tag

 

QUESTION TAG

hai guys...!

Now I'll explain about question tag. Here we go

ok, question tag is a mini questions that we often put in the end of a sentence in spoken English.

In Indonesian it says : iya kan?.

In question tags, we use an Auxiliary Verb (have/was/will, etc,do/does/did we use for past & present).

e.g:

• It was a great show, wasn't it?
• I didn't see you yesterday, did you?
• I saw you cry yesterday, didn't you?
• you'll get the prize, wont' you?

Positive sentence + negative tag	Negative sentence + positive tag
It was a great show, wasn't it? You hate him, don't you? He met his ex-girlfriend, didn't he? You're going out with her, aren't you? She is a business women, isn't she?	I saw you cry yesterday, didn't you? You won't get the her, will you? She wouldn't do that, would she? You mustn't make any problem, musy you?

posted by : Syakhira V.M